Mapping of medical schools: the distribution of undergraduate courses and annual vacancies in Brazilian cities in 2020 / Cartografia das escolas médicas: a distribuição de cursos e vagas nos municípios brasileiros em 2020

Abstract: Introduction: The number of medical schools in Brazil, as well as the number of vacancies offered at these schools, has grown considerably in the last few years. Since 2013, this increasehas aimedat reaching especially the rural and underserved areas of the country. Objective: Considering that there are many different interests concerning this debate and that this reality directly influences the education and health policies of the country, the aim of this study was to evaluate the number and the distribution of the medical courses,as well as vacancies in these schools in 2020, presenting an updated overview of the Brazilian medical schools. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, based on data gathered from the Brazilian Ministry ofEducation and Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE) website. The utilized variables were the number of courses, number of vacancies offered in each course, characteristics of the cities where the medical schools are located, such as population size, Human Development Index (HDI) and distance to the capital city of each state. Results: Among the institutions that have already initiated their activities, there are 328 active courses, offering 35.480 vacancies for Medical School applicants. There is a difference when analyzing public or private institutions and paid or tuition-free institutions. There is a greater offer of paid courses (74,1%) and of courses located in the countryside (69,8%). Among the courses in the countryside, 27,8% of the vacancies are offered within 100 km of the capital city. Only 7,9% of the annual vacancies are offered in cities with a medium HDI, and the remainder are offered in cities with high or very high HDI. The increase in HDI is related to the higher proportion of private courses offering medical vacancies. It was observed that there is no correspondence between the absolute number of vacancies and the population of the North region, differentfrom what occurs in the other regions of the country. Conclusions: Medical training is under many influences, such as economic and political trends. This discussion needs to consider the regionalization and democratization of access. It was observed that public institutions tend to be located in municipalities that are farther away from the capitals. Even though there is now greater homogeneity between the regions, the Southeast still concentrates almost half of the vacancies in medical courses. Also, the increase in the number of vacancies in private courses brings up the reflection about the socioeconomic profile of medical students who have the opportunity to gain access to this level of education.

Resumo: Introdução: O número de cursos de Medicina no Brasil e a quantidade de vagas ofertadas cresceram consideravelmente nos últimos anos. A partir de 2013, essa expansão tinha o objetivo de atingir sobretudo o interior do país. Objetivo: Considerando que existem diversos interesses em torno dessa expansão e que essa realidade influencia diretamente as políticas de educação e saúde do país, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a quantidade e a distribuição, em 2020, desses cursos e vagas nos municípios brasileiros. Método: Trata-se de estudo transversal com dados disponibilizados pelo Ministério da Educação e pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE). As variáveis estudadas foram números de cursos, número de vagas e características dos municípios das escolas médicas, como tamanho da população, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) e distância em relação à capital do respectivo estado. Resultados: Há 328 cursos em atividade que ofertam 35.480 vagas para ingressantes em Medicina. Ocorre diferença quando se analisam instituições públicas ou privadas e instituições gratuitas ou pagas. Há maior oferta de vagas em cursos pagos (74,1%) e em municípios de interior (69,8%). No interior, 27,8% das vagas são ofertadas por municípios distantes de um a 100 km da capital. A menor parte das vagas (7,9%) é ofertada em municípios de IDH médio, sendo o restante em municípios de IDH alto ou muito alto. O aumento do IDH está relacionado à maior proporção de cursos privados ofertando vagas de Medicina. Observou-se que não há correspondência entre o número absoluto de vagas e a população da Região Norte, o que ocorre nas demais regiões do país. Conclusões: A formação médica está sob várias influências, a exemplo das tendências econômicas e políticas. Essa discussão precisa levar em consideração a regionalização e a democratização do acesso. Observou-se tendência de as instituições públicas se destinarem a municípios mais distantes. Apesar de maior homogeneidade entre as regiões, a Região Sudeste ainda concentra quase metade das vagas. Além disso, o aumento do número de vagas em cursos privados evoca o questionamento sobre o perfil de estudantes que têm a oportunidade de acessar essa graduação.

Development and validation of an instrument to assess Brazilian healthcare professional providers' knowledge on sickle cell disease

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and validate DFConhecimento, an instrument to assess Brazilian healthcare professional providers' knowledge on sickle cell disease. Method: Study carried out in four stages: (1) instrument development; (2) content validation by an Expert Committee; (3) cultural adequacy check at pre-test; (4) instrument reliability analysis by healthcare professional providers supported by Intraclass Correlation Coefficient calculation. The data for content validation and reliability analyses were collected through the web tool eSurv and analyzed within the statistical software and environment R. Results: The instrument, consisting of 13 multiple-choice questions, showed acceptability, with an average Content Validity Index of 0.88. The reliability analysis showed moderate agreement (0.67) indicating that test-retest reproducibility is acceptable. Conclusion: The instrument DFConhecimento showed reliability and internal consistency, proving suitable for measuring Brazilian healthcare professional providers' acquisition of knowledge on sickle cell disease.

Knowledge of professional healthcare providers about sickle cell disease: Impact of a distance education course

Abstract Objective To assess the impact of the distance education course "Sickle Cell Disease: Primary Health Care Line" on knowledge acquisition of professional healthcare providers. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted with a quantitative approach at the Educational and Support Center for Hemoglobinopathies (Cehmob-MG), state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, in 2016. One hundred and fifty-three out of 300 professional healthcare providers were invited to participate in the proposed distance course. Of the participating professional healthcare providers, 72 (47%) successfully concluded the course (Group A), whereas 81 (53%) did not complete their course assignments and did not meet the minimum requirements for regular attendance (Group B). Knowledge acquisition was assessed with the Knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease Instrument, DFConhecimento, applied using the web tool eSurv. Univariate analysis by Poisson regression was employed to assess the influence of sociodemographic variables on the DFConhecimento score and to select variables to compose the initial multivariate regression model (p-value < 0.20). The analysis was performed in the statistical programming environment R. Results The average score was 9.76 for Group A and 6.54 for Group B. The two groups were considered statistically different (p-value < 0.05) for all items with the proportion of correct items being greater in Group A. Professional healthcare providers who concluded the course had a significantly higher DFConhecimento score (45%) when compared to those who did not successfully conclude the course. Conclusion Participation in a distance education course on sickle cell disease had a positive impact on the acquisition of knowledge about the disease by professional healthcare providers.

Mortalidade de crianças com doença falciforme: um estudo de base populacional / Mortality of children with sickle cell disease: a population study

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os óbitos das crianças com doença falciforme (DF) triadas no estado de Minas Gerais e acompanhadas na Fundação Hemominas. MÉTODOS: Coorte de crianças diagnosticadas pelo Programa de Triagem Neonatal de Minas Gerais (março/1998 - fevereiro/2005). Os óbitos foram identificados pela busca ativa das crianças ausentes nas consultas agendadas nos hemocentros. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram coletados dos documentos de óbito, banco de dados da triagem neonatal, prontuários médicos e em entrevistas com as famílias. RESULTADOS: Foram triadas 1.833.030 crianças no período, sendo 1.396 com DF (1:1.300). Ocorreram 78 óbitos: 63 em crianças com genótipo SS, 12 em crianças com genótipo SC e três em crianças com genótipo S/β+ talassemia. Cinquenta e seis crianças (71,8 por cento) morreram antes dos 2 anos de idade; 59 morreram em hospitais e 18 no domicílio ou trânsito. Causas de óbito pelo atestado (n = 78): 38,5 por cento infecção; 16,6 por cento sequestro esplênico agudo; 9 por cento outras causas; 15,4 por cento sem assistência médica; e 20,5 por cento indeterminada. Segundo as entrevistas (n = 52), o sequestro esplênico foi responsável por quase 1/3 dos óbitos, contrastando com a porcentagem de apenas 14 por cento registrada nos atestados de óbito. As probabilidades de sobrevida aos 5 anos (erro padrão da média) para crianças SS, SC e Sβ+ talassemia foram: 89,4 (1,4), 97,7 (0,7) e 94,7 por cento (3,0), respectivamente (SS versus SC, p < 0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo em um programa de triagem neonatal com rigoroso controle do tratamento, a probabilidade de óbito em crianças com genótipo SS ainda é elevada. Os óbitos com causa indeterminada indicam dificuldades no reconhecimento da DF e das suas complicações. Esforços educativos dirigidos a profissionais da saúde e familiares devem ser incrementados para diminuir a mortalidade pela DF.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the deaths of children with sickle cell disease (SCD) in Minas Gerais, Brazil, and followed up at the Fundação Hemominas. METHODS: Cohort of children diagnosed by the Neonatal Screening Program in Minas Gerais (March/1998 - February/2005). Deaths were identified by searching for children who did not attend scheduled consultations at hemocenters. Clinical and epidemiological data were abstracted from death certificates, the newborn screening database, individual medical records, and from interviews with families. RESULTS: During the period, 1,833,030 newborns were screened; 1,396 had SCD (1:1,300). There were 78 deaths: 63 with SS genotype, 12 with SC genotype, and three with Sβ+thalassemia genotype. Fifty-six children (71.8 percent) died before 2 years of age; 59 died in hospitals and 18 at home or during transportation. Causes of death according to certificates (n = 78): infections, 38.5 percent; acute splenic sequestration, 16.6 percent; other causes, 9 percent; did not receive medical care, 15.4 percent; and not identified on certificates, 20.5 percent. According to interviews (n = 52), acute splenic sequestration was responsible for one third of deaths, in contrast with 14 percent recorded on death certificates. Survival probabilities at 5y (SEM) for children with SS, SC, and Sβ+thalassemia were 89.4 (1.4), 97.7 (0.7), and 94.7 percent (3.0), respectively (SS vs. SC, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Even with a carefully controlled newborn screening program, the probability of SS children dying was still found to be high. Causes not identified on death certificates may indicate difficulties recognizing SCD and its complications. Educational campaigns directed at health professionals and SCD patients' families should be boosted in order to decrease SCD mortality.